Rosalind Franklin
Date of Birth: July 25th, 1920 – April 16th 1958
Year of Fame: 1958 (For creating Photograph 51 in 1952 -- after her death)
Contributions: Dr. Franklin, had a significant impact on the study of genetics. She created Photograph 51 through X-ray crystallography (a technique used to determine a molecules three-dimensional structure) in order to show the structure of DNA. At the time the discovery of the structure of DNA was largest advancement in science, for it allowed James Watson and Francis Crick to develop the model of the double helix (using Photograph 51). In addition, Rosalind Franklin's discovery gave Geneticist's the key to understand the way in which life has passed down for many generations. However, she was unable to publish this discovery.
Publications: Her main discovery was never published but was mentioned in Watson and Crick's article on the DNA. She also wrote four other articles for Nature on Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Arthur Kornberg
Date of Birth: March 3, 1918 – October 26, 2007
Year of Fame: 1959 (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for isolating the first DNA polymerizing enzyme)
Contributions: Arthur Kornberg along with his partner Severo Ochoa spent years isolating and purifying enzymes that run cells. Soon thereafter, they were able to identify the enzyme involved in the creation of DNA -- Polymerase I. This was an important concept in understanding the molecular biology of cells. Kornberg's greatest synthesis was of the virus PhiX174. It was the first time a biochemist had produced a virus in a lab.
Publications: Germ Stories. New York: University Science Books, 2007; The Golden Helix: Inside Biotech Ventures. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books, 1995; DNA Replication. 2nd ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1992; Genetic Chemistry and the Future of Medicine. San Diego: University of San Diego Press, 1990; For the Love of Enzymes: The Odyssey of a Biochemist. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989; DNA Replication. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1980; DNA Synthesis. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1974; Enzymatic Synthesis of DNA. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 1961; "Biologic Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid." Science 131, no. 3412 (20 May 1960): 1503-1508; "Enzymatic Replication of E. coli Chromosomal Origin is Bidirectional." Nature 296, no. 5858 (15 April 1982): 623-627; Kornberg, Arthur. "Science is Great, But Scientists are Still People." Science 257, no. 5072 (14 August 1992): 859; " Nature 366, no. 6454 (2 December 1993): 408; "Wrong Move." Nature 373, no. 6511 (19 January 1995): 184.
Fredrick Sanger
Date of Birth: August 13, 1918 -
Year of Fame: 1958 (Finding the complete sequence of insulin giving him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1958)
Contributions: In 1943, Fredrick Sanger joined Chibnall's research group at the Cambridge University where they worked on proteins but more importantly insulin. At the time protein chemistry was considered of significant importance and new techniques like fractionation were being put in place. It was believed that there was a real possibility of determining the chemical structure of fundamental components that making up matter. Sanger was able to replicate amino acid sequencing which lead to coming up with a sequence for insulin.
Publication: DNA Sequencing with Chain-Terminating Inhibitors, PNAS, vol. 74, no. 12, p. 5463-5467 (1977);
Barbara McClintock
Date of Birth: June 16 1902 - September 2 1992
Year of Fame: 1983 (Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine due to her discovery in genetic transposition)
Contributions: Barbara McClintock is a highly esteemed geneticist in today's times. She work dealt with cyto-genetics which led her to hypothesize that genes are transportable meaning that they can move around in on the chromosome, and between chromosomes. Her theory was lead from the many colour variations found on kernels after many generations of crossing over. Her proposal was well ahead of what scientists knew about genes at the time, however her hypothesis was proved correct in the 1970s and 1980s when new techniques were established. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1983.
Publication(s): "A cytological and genetical study of triploid maize". Genetics 14:180–222; "A Correlation of Cytological and Genetical Crossing-Over in Zea Mays". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 17:492–497; "The order of the genes C, Sh, and Wx in Zea Mays with reference to a cytologically known point in the chromosome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 17:485–91; "The stability of broken ends of chromosomes in Zea Mays". Genetics 26:234–82; "Neurospora: preliminary observations of the chromosomes of Neurospora crassa". American Journal of Botany. 32:671–78; "The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 36:344–55; "Induction of instability at selected loci in maize". Genetics 38:579–99; "Some parallels between gene control systems in maize and in bacteria". American Naturalist 95:265–77
Paul Berg
Date of Birth: June 30, 1926 -
Year of Fame: 1980 (He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980 for introducing recombinant DNA)
Contributions: When Paul Berg returned to Stanford, he began to use SV40 as a hypothesis to try and insert new new genes into cells similar to that of bacteriophage induces DNA into infected cells. Soon thereafter, he was able to develop a way to join two DNA's together. This led
Publication: "Moments of Discovery: My Favorite Experiments." Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, no. 42; "Enzymatic Phosphorylation of Nucleoside Diphosphates." Journal of Biological Chemistry 210; "Potential Biohazards of Recombinant DNA Molecules." Science 185; "Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA Molecules." Science 188; Exploring Genetic Mechanisms, University Science Books, 1997; Dealing with Genes: The Language of Heredity, University Science Books, 1992; Genes and Genomes: A Changing Perspective, University Science Books, 1991.
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